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 ,,
  ,Noun .
            Noun is the name of Person , Place , Thing .
Types of noun

Common Noun

Proper Noun

Collective Noun

Material Noun

Abstract Noun

Common noun



When you talk or write about any person, place, or thing, you use a common noun.

 A scientist works hard. , What country was she from? , In what month was she born?

Proper Noun



When you talk or write about a particular person, place, or thing, you use a proper noun.


Marie Curie was a scientist. She was born in Poland.
She was born in November.
 Proper nouns begin with capital letters. When a proper noun is made up of more than one word, we should begin each important word with a capital letter. We do not usually capitalize words such as the, of or for.

Study these other examples of common and proper nouns

Common nouns                                                         Proper nouns

    street                                                                                       Wall street
      city                                                                                                                 Delhi
     state  
                                                                                                           Maryland  
    
continent                                                                                                      Asia
     ocean                                                                         Arctic Ocean
     river                                                                           Penobscot River
     lake                                                                           Great Salt Lake
     mountain                                                                    Mount McKinley
     building                                                                      White House


Collective Noun



Names of groups which are regarded as forming one whole.

e.g:
       Crowd, Regiment, Fleet, Herd, Committee.

Note: In British English, singular words like, which refer to groups of people, can have either singular or plural verbs and Pronouns.

Plural forms are common when the group is seen as a collection of people doing personal things like deciding, hoping, or wanting. Singular forms are more common when the group is seen as an impersonal unit. , etc.


Quality:

color , honesty , cleverness , smartness , truth , warmth .

State: 
youth , pleasure , poverty , health , sickness .

Feeling: 

love , hate , beauty .

2. abstract nouns



Advice

Experience

Horror

Pity

Beauty

Fear

Information

Relief

Courage

Help

knowledge

Suspicion

Death

Hope

Mercy

work



Plural
What are plurals. How can we make plurals?

Students can strengthen their plural sense. Detailed information are as follows

 
Plurals

A

The plural of noun is usually made by adding s to the singular:



e.g.

day, days  dog, dogs house, houses



s is pronounced /s/ after a p, k or f sound.

Otherwise it is pronounced /z/.



When s is placed after ce, ge, se or ze an extra

syllable (/Iz/) is added to the spoken word.


B.

Nouns ending in o or ch, sh, ss or x form their plural by adding es:




 

tomato, tomatoes brush ,brushes box , boxes

church, churches  kiss , kisses

 

But words of foreign origin or abbreviated words ending in o add s only:



 dynamo, dynamos kimono, kimonos 

 piano, pianos kilo, kilos photo, photos soprano, sopranos


 When word is placed after ch, sh, ss or x an extra syllable (/Iz/) is added to the spoken word. 



C.



Noun ending in y following a consonant form their plural by dropping the y and adding ies:



 baby, babies  country, countries fly, flies

 lady, ladies

 
 noun ending in y following a vowel form their plural by adding s:


 boy, boys day, days donkey, donkeys

 guy, guys


  
D.



Twelve nouns ending in f or fe drop the f or fe and add ves. These nouns are



calf, half, knife, leaf, life, loaf, self, sheaf, shelf, thief, wife wolf

 


loaf, loaves wife, wives wolf, wolves etc.



 The noun hoof, scarf, and wharf take either s or ves in the plural:



 hoofs or hooves scarf or scarves wharf or wharves





 Other words ending in f or fe add s in the ordinary way:





 cliff, cliffs handkerchief, handkerchiefs safe, safes



E: 

 A few nouns form their plural by a vowel change:



foot, feet  louse, lice  mouse, mice woman, women




goose, geese man, men tooth, teeth






 The plurals of child and ox are children, oxen.

F. 



Names of certain creatures do not change in the plural:



 fish is normally unchanged. Fishes exists but its uncommon.



 Some types of fish do not normally change in the plural:



 Carppikesalmon ,troutcodplaice, squidturbot



 but if used in a plural sense they would take a plural verb.



 Others add s



 Crabs, herrings, sardines, eels, lobsters, sharks





 deer and sheep do not change: one sheep, two sheep.





 Sportsmen who shoot duck , partridge, pheasant etc. use the same form for singular and plural. But other people normally add s for the plural: ducks, partridges, pheasants



 The word game, used by sportsmen to mean an animal/animals hunted, is always in the singular, and takes a singular verb. 
  

G. 





A few other words don’t change:



 aircraft, craft (boat/boats) quid 




 councel (barristers working in court)



H.



Collective nouns, crew ,family ,team etc., can take a singular or plural verb; singular if we consider the word to mean a single group or unit:



  Our team is the best



 or plural if we take it to mean a number of individuals:



  Our team are wearing their new jerseys.



 When a possessive adjective is necessary , a plural verb with there is more usual than a singular verb with its, though sometimes both are possible:

 



 he jury is considering its verdict 

 The jury are considering their verdict


 I.

Certain words are always plural and take a plural verb:

 

 clothes, police





 garments consisting of two parts :



 breeches pants  pyjamas trousers



 Tools and instruments consisting of two parts :



 binoculars pliers scissors spectacles glasses scales  shears etc.





 Also certain other words including:



 arms (weapons) particulars

 damages (compensation) premises/quarters

 earnings  riches

 goods/waves savings  

 greens (vegetables) spirits (alcohol)

 grounds  stairs

 outskirts  surroundings

 pains (trouble/effort) valuables



 J.
A number of words ending in ics



acoustics, athletics, ethics, hysterics, mathematics, physics, politics etc.



which are plural in form, normally take a plural verb :



 His mathematics are weak



 But names of sciences can sometimes be considered singular:



 Mathematics is an exact science.


 K.Words plural in form but singular in meaning include news:



 The news is good



certain diseases:



 mumps  rickets shingles



certain games



 billiards  darts draughts



 bowls   dominoes

 L.
Some words which retain their original Greek or Latin forms make their plurals according to the rules of Greek and Latin:



 crisis, crises /’kraisis/, /’kraisi:z

 erratum errata

 memorandum, memoranda

 oasis, oases



 But some follow the English rules:



 dogma, dogmas gymnasium, gymnasiums

 formula, formulas (though formulae is used byscientists)

 

 Sometimes there are two plural forms with different meanings:



 appendix, appendixes or appendices (medical terms)

 appendix, appendices (addition/s to a book )

 index, indexes (in books), indices (in mathematics)

 

 Musicians usually prefer Italian plural forms for Italian musical terms:



 libretto, libretti tempo, tempi

 

 But s is also possible: librettos, tempos.






 M.


Compound nouns



  1. Normally the last word is made plural:


  boy-friends break-ins travel agents



 But where man and woman is prefixed both parts are made plural:

 men drivers  women drivers



  1. The first word is made plural with compounds formed of verb + er nouns + adverbs:
 hangers-on  lookers-on runners up



 and with compounds composed of noun + preposition +noun:

 ladies-in-waiting sisters-in-law wards of court



  1. Initials can be made plural:
 MPs (Members of Parliament)

 VIPs (very important person)

 OAPs(old age pensioners)

 UFOs (unidentified flying objects)  

Uncountable nouns



Name of substances considered generally:



Bread

Cream

Gold

Paper

Tea

Beer

Dust

Ice

Sand

Water

Cloth

Gin

Jam

Soap

Wine

Coffee

Glass

Oil

Stone

wood

  1. Also considered uncountable in English:


Baggage

Damage

Luggage

Shopping

Camping

Furniture

Parking

weather



 These, with hair, information, knowledge, news rubbish, are sometimes countable in other languages





  1. Uncountable nouns are always singular and are not used with a/an:
 I don’t want (any) advice or help.

I want (some) information

 He has had (no) experience in this sort of work



 These nouns are often preceded by some, any, no, a little etc. or by nouns such as bit, piece, slice etc.



 a bit of news   a grain of sand  a pot of jam

 a cake of soap  a pane of glass  a sheet of paper

 a drop of oil   a piece of advice



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