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,Noun .
Noun is the name of Person , Place , Thing .
Types of noun
•Common Noun
•Proper Noun
•Collective Noun
•Material Noun
•Abstract Noun
Common noun
When you talk or write about any person, place, or thing, you use a common noun.
A scientist works hard. , What country was she from? , In what month was she born?
Proper Noun
When you talk or write about a particular person, place, or thing, you use a proper noun.
•Marie Curie was a scientist. She was born in Poland.
She was born in November.
Proper nouns begin with capital letters. When a proper noun is made up of more than one word, we should begin each important word with a capital letter. We do not usually capitalize words such as the, of or for.
Study these other examples of common and proper nouns
Common nouns Proper nouns
street Wall street
city Delhi
state Maryland
continent Asia
ocean Arctic Ocean
river Penobscot River
lake Great Salt Lake
mountain Mount McKinley
building White House
Collective Noun
Names of groups which are regarded as forming one whole.
e.g:
Crowd, Regiment, Fleet, Herd, Committee.
Note: In British English, singular words like, which refer to groups of people, can have either singular or plural verbs and Pronouns.
Plural forms are common when the group is seen as a collection of people doing personal things like deciding, hoping, or wanting. Singular forms are more common when the group is seen as an impersonal unit. , etc.
Quality:
color , honesty , cleverness , smartness , truth , warmth .
State:
youth , pleasure , poverty , health , sickness .
Feeling:
love , hate , beauty .
2. abstract nouns
Advice
Experience
Horror
Pity
Beauty
Fear
Information
Relief
Courage
Help
knowledge
Suspicion
Death
Hope
Mercy
work
Plural
What are plurals. How can we make plurals?
Students can strengthen their plural sense. Detailed information are as follows
Plurals
A
The plural of noun is usually made by adding s to the singular:
e.g.
day, days dog, dogs house, houses
s is pronounced /s/ after a p, k or f sound.
Otherwise it is pronounced /z/.
When s is placed after ce, ge, se or ze an extra
syllable (/Iz/) is added to the spoken word.
B.
Nouns ending in o or ch, sh, ss or x form their plural by adding es:
tomato, tomatoes brush ,brushes box , boxes
church, churches kiss , kisses
But words of foreign origin or abbreviated words ending in o add s only:
dynamo, dynamos kimono, kimonos
piano, pianos kilo, kilos photo, photos soprano, sopranos
When word is placed after ch, sh, ss or x an extra syllable (/Iz/) is added to the spoken word.
C.
Noun ending in y following a consonant form their plural by dropping the y and adding ies:
baby, babies country, countries fly, flies
lady, ladies
noun ending in y following a vowel form their plural by adding s:
boy, boys day, days donkey, donkeys
guy, guys
D.
Twelve nouns ending in f or fe drop the f or fe and add ves. These nouns are
calf, half, knife, leaf, life, loaf, self, sheaf, shelf, thief, wife wolf
loaf, loaves wife, wives wolf, wolves etc.
The noun hoof, scarf, and wharf take either s or ves in the plural:
hoofs or hooves scarf or scarves wharf or wharves
Other words ending in f or fe add s in the ordinary way:
cliff, cliffs handkerchief, handkerchiefs safe, safes
E:
A few nouns form their plural by a vowel change:
foot, feet louse, lice mouse, mice woman, women
goose, geese man, men tooth, teeth
The plurals of child and ox are children, oxen.
F.
Names of certain creatures do not change in the plural:
fish is normally unchanged. Fishes exists but its uncommon.
Some types of fish do not normally change in the plural:
Carp, pike, salmon ,trout, cod, plaice, squid, turbot
but if used in a plural sense they would take a plural verb.
Others add s
Crabs, herrings, sardines, eels, lobsters, sharks
deer and sheep do not change: one sheep, two sheep.
Sportsmen who shoot duck , partridge, pheasant etc. use the same form for singular and plural. But other people normally add s for the plural: ducks, partridges, pheasants
The word game, used by sportsmen to mean an animal/animals hunted, is always in the singular, and takes a singular verb.
G.
A few other words don’t change:
aircraft, craft (boat/boats) quid
councel (barristers working in court)
H.
Collective nouns, crew ,family ,team etc., can take a singular or plural verb; singular if we consider the word to mean a single group or unit:
Our team is the best
or plural if we take it to mean a number of individuals:
Our team are wearing their new jerseys.
When a possessive adjective is necessary , a plural verb with there is more usual than a singular verb with its, though sometimes both are possible:
he jury is considering its verdict
The jury are considering their verdict
I.
Certain words are always plural and take a plural verb:
clothes, police
garments consisting of two parts :
breeches pants pyjamas trousers
Tools and instruments consisting of two parts :
binoculars pliers scissors spectacles glasses scales shears etc.
Also certain other words including:
arms (weapons) particulars
damages (compensation) premises/quarters
earnings riches
goods/waves savings
greens (vegetables) spirits (alcohol)
grounds stairs
outskirts surroundings
pains (trouble/effort) valuables
J.
A number of words ending in ics
acoustics, athletics, ethics, hysterics, mathematics, physics, politics etc.
which are plural in form, normally take a plural verb :
His mathematics are weak
But names of sciences can sometimes be considered singular:
Mathematics is an exact science.
K.Words plural in form but singular in meaning include news:
The news is good
certain diseases:
mumps rickets shingles
certain games
billiards darts draughts
bowls dominoes
L.
Some words which retain their original Greek or Latin forms make their plurals according to the rules of Greek and Latin:
crisis, crises /’kraisis/, /’kraisi:z
erratum errata
memorandum, memoranda
oasis, oases
But some follow the English rules:
dogma, dogmas gymnasium, gymnasiums
formula, formulas (though formulae is used byscientists)
Sometimes there are two plural forms with different meanings:
appendix, appendixes or appendices (medical terms)
appendix, appendices (addition/s to a book )
index, indexes (in books), indices (in mathematics)
Musicians usually prefer Italian plural forms for Italian musical terms:
libretto, libretti tempo, tempi
But s is also possible: librettos, tempos.
M.
Compound nouns
boy-friends break-ins travel agents
But where man and woman is prefixed both parts are made plural:
men drivers women drivers
and with compounds composed of noun + preposition +noun:
ladies-in-waiting sisters-in-law wards of court
VIPs (very important person)
OAPs(old age pensioners)
UFOs (unidentified flying objects)
Uncountable nouns
Name of substances considered generally:
Bread
Cream
Gold
Paper
Tea
Beer
Dust
Ice
Sand
Water
Cloth
Gin
Jam
Soap
Wine
Coffee
Glass
Oil
Stone
wood
Baggage
Damage
Luggage
Shopping
Camping
Furniture
Parking
weather
These, with hair, information, knowledge, news rubbish, are sometimes countable in other languages
I want (some) information
He has had (no) experience in this sort of work
These nouns are often preceded by some, any, no, a little etc. or by nouns such as bit, piece, slice etc.
a bit of news a grain of sand a pot of jam
a cake of soap a pane of glass a sheet of paper
a drop of oil a piece of advice
,Noun .
Noun is the name of Person , Place , Thing .
Types of noun
•Common Noun
•Proper Noun
•Collective Noun
•Material Noun
•Abstract Noun
Common noun
When you talk or write about any person, place, or thing, you use a common noun.
A scientist works hard. , What country was she from? , In what month was she born?
Proper Noun
When you talk or write about a particular person, place, or thing, you use a proper noun.
•Marie Curie was a scientist. She was born in Poland.
She was born in November.
Proper nouns begin with capital letters. When a proper noun is made up of more than one word, we should begin each important word with a capital letter. We do not usually capitalize words such as the, of or for.
Study these other examples of common and proper nouns
Common nouns Proper nouns
street Wall street
city Delhi
state Maryland
continent Asia
ocean Arctic Ocean
river Penobscot River
lake Great Salt Lake
mountain Mount McKinley
building White House
Collective Noun
Names of groups which are regarded as forming one whole.
e.g:
Crowd, Regiment, Fleet, Herd, Committee.
Note: In British English, singular words like, which refer to groups of people, can have either singular or plural verbs and Pronouns.
Plural forms are common when the group is seen as a collection of people doing personal things like deciding, hoping, or wanting. Singular forms are more common when the group is seen as an impersonal unit. , etc.
Quality:
color , honesty , cleverness , smartness , truth , warmth .
State:
youth , pleasure , poverty , health , sickness .
Feeling:
love , hate , beauty .
2. abstract nouns
Advice
Experience
Horror
Pity
Beauty
Fear
Information
Relief
Courage
Help
knowledge
Suspicion
Death
Hope
Mercy
work
Plural
What are plurals. How can we make plurals?
Students can strengthen their plural sense. Detailed information are as follows
Plurals
A
The plural of noun is usually made by adding s to the singular:
e.g.
day, days dog, dogs house, houses
s is pronounced /s/ after a p, k or f sound.
Otherwise it is pronounced /z/.
When s is placed after ce, ge, se or ze an extra
syllable (/Iz/) is added to the spoken word.
B.
Nouns ending in o or ch, sh, ss or x form their plural by adding es:
tomato, tomatoes brush ,brushes box , boxes
church, churches kiss , kisses
But words of foreign origin or abbreviated words ending in o add s only:
dynamo, dynamos kimono, kimonos
piano, pianos kilo, kilos photo, photos soprano, sopranos
When word is placed after ch, sh, ss or x an extra syllable (/Iz/) is added to the spoken word.
C.
Noun ending in y following a consonant form their plural by dropping the y and adding ies:
baby, babies country, countries fly, flies
lady, ladies
noun ending in y following a vowel form their plural by adding s:
boy, boys day, days donkey, donkeys
guy, guys
D.
Twelve nouns ending in f or fe drop the f or fe and add ves. These nouns are
calf, half, knife, leaf, life, loaf, self, sheaf, shelf, thief, wife wolf
loaf, loaves wife, wives wolf, wolves etc.
The noun hoof, scarf, and wharf take either s or ves in the plural:
hoofs or hooves scarf or scarves wharf or wharves
Other words ending in f or fe add s in the ordinary way:
cliff, cliffs handkerchief, handkerchiefs safe, safes
E:
A few nouns form their plural by a vowel change:
foot, feet louse, lice mouse, mice woman, women
goose, geese man, men tooth, teeth
The plurals of child and ox are children, oxen.
F.
Names of certain creatures do not change in the plural:
fish is normally unchanged. Fishes exists but its uncommon.
Some types of fish do not normally change in the plural:
Carp, pike, salmon ,trout, cod, plaice, squid, turbot
but if used in a plural sense they would take a plural verb.
Others add s
Crabs, herrings, sardines, eels, lobsters, sharks
deer and sheep do not change: one sheep, two sheep.
Sportsmen who shoot duck , partridge, pheasant etc. use the same form for singular and plural. But other people normally add s for the plural: ducks, partridges, pheasants
The word game, used by sportsmen to mean an animal/animals hunted, is always in the singular, and takes a singular verb.
G.
A few other words don’t change:
aircraft, craft (boat/boats) quid
councel (barristers working in court)
H.
Collective nouns, crew ,family ,team etc., can take a singular or plural verb; singular if we consider the word to mean a single group or unit:
Our team is the best
or plural if we take it to mean a number of individuals:
Our team are wearing their new jerseys.
When a possessive adjective is necessary , a plural verb with there is more usual than a singular verb with its, though sometimes both are possible:
he jury is considering its verdict
The jury are considering their verdict
I.
Certain words are always plural and take a plural verb:
clothes, police
garments consisting of two parts :
breeches pants pyjamas trousers
Tools and instruments consisting of two parts :
binoculars pliers scissors spectacles glasses scales shears etc.
Also certain other words including:
arms (weapons) particulars
damages (compensation) premises/quarters
earnings riches
goods/waves savings
greens (vegetables) spirits (alcohol)
grounds stairs
outskirts surroundings
pains (trouble/effort) valuables
J.
A number of words ending in ics
acoustics, athletics, ethics, hysterics, mathematics, physics, politics etc.
which are plural in form, normally take a plural verb :
His mathematics are weak
But names of sciences can sometimes be considered singular:
Mathematics is an exact science.
K.Words plural in form but singular in meaning include news:
The news is good
certain diseases:
mumps rickets shingles
certain games
billiards darts draughts
bowls dominoes
L.
Some words which retain their original Greek or Latin forms make their plurals according to the rules of Greek and Latin:
crisis, crises /’kraisis/, /’kraisi:z
erratum errata
memorandum, memoranda
oasis, oases
But some follow the English rules:
dogma, dogmas gymnasium, gymnasiums
formula, formulas (though formulae is used byscientists)
Sometimes there are two plural forms with different meanings:
appendix, appendixes or appendices (medical terms)
appendix, appendices (addition/s to a book )
index, indexes (in books), indices (in mathematics)
Musicians usually prefer Italian plural forms for Italian musical terms:
libretto, libretti tempo, tempi
But s is also possible: librettos, tempos.
M.
Compound nouns
- Normally the last word is made plural:
boy-friends break-ins travel agents
But where man and woman is prefixed both parts are made plural:
men drivers women drivers
- The first word is made plural with compounds formed of verb + er nouns + adverbs:
and with compounds composed of noun + preposition +noun:
ladies-in-waiting sisters-in-law wards of court
- Initials can be made plural:
VIPs (very important person)
OAPs(old age pensioners)
UFOs (unidentified flying objects)
Uncountable nouns
Name of substances considered generally:
Bread
Cream
Gold
Paper
Tea
Beer
Dust
Ice
Sand
Water
Cloth
Gin
Jam
Soap
Wine
Coffee
Glass
Oil
Stone
wood
- Also considered uncountable in English:
Baggage
Damage
Luggage
Shopping
Camping
Furniture
Parking
weather
These, with hair, information, knowledge, news rubbish, are sometimes countable in other languages
- Uncountable nouns are always singular and are not used with a/an:
I want (some) information
He has had (no) experience in this sort of work
These nouns are often preceded by some, any, no, a little etc. or by nouns such as bit, piece, slice etc.
a bit of news a grain of sand a pot of jam
a cake of soap a pane of glass a sheet of paper
a drop of oil a piece of advice